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Weight Loss Information Research Center
By admin | July 5, 2008
Weight Loss Information Research Center
Obesity, Diet and Related Information
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Weight Loss and Obesity information presented in an easy to understand visual format for individuals, educators, researchers and students.
The Weight Loss Information Center is a Polson Enterprises web site.
If you become aware of any information you think would be useful for our readers that is not listed on this site, broken links, or have any comments about our site, please email us.
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Weight Loss and Obesity Informational Posters
Weight Loss Program Reviews
Weight Loss and Obesity Library
Weight Loss & Obesity in the News a blog of interesting and unusual items in the news
Economic Costs of Obesity
Food Labels
Obesity / Weight Loss Surgery
Weight Loss and Obesity Marketing
Weight Loss and Obesity Humor
Obesity Associations
Anti-Obesity Commercials and Positive Messages
Some People Are Extreme
Mission of the Weight Loss Information Center
Obesity Policy governmental interventions addressing the problem
Some Causes / Drivers of Rising Obesity Levels
Obesity is Leading Cause of Death in the U.S. - Or Is It?
Weight Loss and Obesity Links
Nutrition
What Can I Do to Help Fight the Problem of Obesity
Coming Soon
Disclaimer and Copyright
Feedback
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Weight Loss and Obesity Informational Posters
We are currently working on a number of posters. Links to them will be provided below as they become available.
The Aspects of Obesity - see the whole field of Obesity and Weight Loss in one graphic
Weight Loss Methods, Products & Services - see how all the approaches cluster around common themes
Weight Loss / Obesity Time line
Avoiding Portion Size Pitfalls (poster is on pages 2 & 3) by the Center for Disease Control (CDC)
Understanding Obesity Poster available for free from the Obesity Action Coalition
Teachers Get Young Teens to Draw Their Own Posters an activity from Science UPD8 a supplier of prepackaged educational lessons in Europe. Details are near the bottom of the page
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Weight Loss Program Reviews
We are holding some materials for further development here and expect to move them to their own page and expand them in the future.
Consumer Search
Consumer Reports Rates Diets for Nutrition and Effectiveness June 2005. This report is also covered on WebMD.
Discussion of Other Sites Reviewing Weight Loss Programs Consumer Search
Finding a Weight Loss Program That Works for You Federal Trade Commission; Partnership for Healthy Weight Management
Evaluating Weight Control Programs several resources identified by the US Dept of Agriculture’s National Agriculture Library.
Systematic Review: An Evaluation of Major Commercial Weight Loss Programs in the United States. AG Tsai and TA Wadden. Annals of Internal Medicine. Vol.142. No.1. Pgs. 56-66. (Jan 2005).Evaluated the largest self help and commercial programs against criteria proposed by an expert panel for the Federal Trade Commission. With the exception of one trial of Weight Watchers, the use of these programs was found to be suboptimal.
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Economic Costs of Obesity
The Impact of Morbid Obesity on the State Economy: An Initial Investigation. EE Frezza, MS Wachtel and BT Ewing. Surgery for Obesity and Related Disorders. Vol.2. No.5. Sep-Oct 2006. Economic costs for the State of New Mexico were estimated from bariatric surgery demographics at a large univeristy hospital. Total labor income impact was estimated at $200 million, 7,300 jobs are cost, plus state and local taxes are lowered by $48 million. Total impact of $1.3 billion amounts to about 2.5 percent of the gross state product.
Obesity in the Workplace by Pfizer. December 2004. Nice easy reading piece laying out workplace issues with obesity.
Overweight and Obesity: The Economic Consequences Center for Disease Control (CDC). This article is a bit old, but still identifies several areas of the cost spectrum.
National Medical Spending Attributable to Overweight and Obesity: How Much, and Who抯 Paying?. EA Finkelstein, IC Fiebelkorn, G Wang. Health Affairs (Web Only) 14 May 2003. W3 Pgs.219-226. Obese adults under age 65 were found to incur annual medical expenses $395 higher than those of normal weight. Combined expenditures related to overweight and obese attibutable medical spending totalled 9.1 percent of annual U.S. medical expenditures in 1998 and may have been as high as $78.5 billion (in 1998 dollars).
Costs of Obesity by the American Obesity Association. - indicates the portion of several chronic disease costs due to obesity.
Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Large Differences in Health Care Costs. Obesity Research. Vol.12. No.12. (Dec 2004) Pgs.1936-1943. Studies the costs associated with individuals in each group and compares them.
State-Level Estimates of Annual Medical Expenditures Attributable to Obesity. Obesity Research. Vol.12. No.1. (Jan 2004) Pgs.18-24. it includes a nice map of estimated expenditures by state. NOTE these are expenditures born by the state though Medicare and Medicade and do not include other obesity expenses.
Impact of Obesity on Rising Medical Spending. Kenneth E. Thorpe, Curtis S. Florence, David H. Howard, and Peter Joski. Health Affairs. 20 Oct. 2004.
The Association Between Body Mass and Health Care Expenditures. Kim A Heithoff, Brian J. Cuffel, Sean Kenedy, and Jodi Peters. Clinical Therapeutics. Vol.19. No.4. 1997. Pgs. 811-820. Full text available on Science Direct. Pg. 817 presents a nice chart on BMI vs. annual health care costs for an individual (separate curves for males and females) in 1993. The info is dated, but the shape of the curves are very interesting.
An Economic Analysis of Adult Obesity. Brief review of a paper by similar title by The National Bureau of Economic Research.
Health Insurance and the Obesity Externality Jay Bhattacharya and Neeraj Sood of RAND. Working Paper. WR-340. January 2006. 48 page paper indicating they estimate a health plan with a coisurance rate of 17.5 percent would incur enough extra expense from the obese people, to force the plan to add about $150 per person in the plan (non-obese people would be paying an additional $150 each).
Diminishing Returns: The Costs and Benefits of Improving Health. Kevin Murphy and Robert Topel. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. Vol.46. No.3. Supplement. Summer 2003. Pgs.S108-S128. Available on Project MUSE. While this paper does not specifically address obesity, it lays some nice groundwork for evaluating return on investment of investments in public health, including research and how payback depends on the age groups of those impacted.
Economic Evaluation of Weight Loss Interventions in Overweight and Obese Women. Larissa Roux, Karen M. Kuntz, Cam Donaldson, and Sue J. Goldie. Obesity Research. Vol.14. Pgs.1093-1106. June 2006. A three-component intervention of diet, exercise, and behavior modification cost $12,600 per quality-adjusted life year gained compared with routine care. All other strategies were either less effective and more costly or less effective and less cost effective.
The Economic Impact of Obesity on Automobile Fuel Consumption. Sheldon Jacobsen and Laura McLay. Higher average driver and passenger weights were used with vehicle type, vehicle mileage, and additional information to calculate the amount of addition fuel consumed by non commercial cars and light trucks. Approximately 272 million additional gallons of fuel are consumed annually due to body weight gains since 1988, or 938 million additional gallons per year due to bodyweight gains since 1960.
The Financial Reality of Overeating. Rachel Close and Dale Schoeller. (Univ of Wisconsin-Madison). Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Vol.25. No.3. Pgs. 203-209. (2006). Fast food meals can be upsized for about $67 cents but added health care costs along with added fuel costs (heavier in car) are much, much greater. An interesting study that was strongly covered in the media.
The Cost of Obesity Among Full Time Employees. E. Finklestein, IC Fiebelkorn, and G. Wang. American Journal of Health Promotion. Vol.20. No.1. Pgs. 45-51. Sept-Oct 2005. Overweight and Obesity attibutable costs were found to be $175 per year per male overweight employee to $2,485 per year per grade II obese female employee in two nationally representative datasets. Total costs due to obesity for a firm with 1,000 employees were estimated at $285,000 per year.
Obesity: America’s Economic Epidemic. The Main Street Economist. Vol.1 No.2. (2006). Reports our good economy may have helped get us into this problem (more money leads to more eating out and pre-packaged foods that tend to have high calories. But now the problem is leading us into a financial crisis due to the costs required to treat obesity and its related diseases, especially rural areas where obesity spending represents a higher percentage of total health care costs. A nice, easy to read article on the economic impact of obesity.
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Food Labels
The Food and Drug Aministration’s (FDA) 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) launched the contents panel many of us are familiar with today. A parallel labeling proposal from the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture covered meat and poultry. Both were initially scheduled to go into effect in 1993, however due to industry claims of “undue economic hardship” the NLEA was delayed for one year to May 8, 1993 and the FSIS coverage of meat and poultry was delayed for similar reasons till June 1994. A nice history of the development of these regulations is provided by the FDA on their Good Reading for Good Eating page, as well as of the label itself on their The Food Label page.
In December 2006, the “National Uniformity for Food Act” (H.R. 2699) is being considered by Congress. This bill provides a national uniform standard for direct food additives and warning labels of FDA-regulated products and is supported by the food industry. A white paper titled, How to Understand and Use the Food Nutrition Facts Label and their Food Labeling and Nutrition page provide additional information on the food label.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of College Students Regarding the 1990 Nutrition Labeling Education Act Food Labels. AB Marietta, KJ Welshimer, and SL Anderson. Jounal of the American Dietetic Association. Vol.99. No.4. (Apr 1999) Pgs. 445-449. (Abstract Only). 95% of college students perceived the label to be useful, but many distrusted nutrition claims. 75% of them look at the label when purchasing a product for the first time. The best predictors in identifying who actually used the label were a postive attitude toward labels nd being a woman.
Nutrition Labels and Obesity. Jayachandran N. Variyam and John Cawley. National Bureau of Economic Research. (Abstract Only). NBER Working Paper No. 11956 Issued in January 2006. Discusses the impact of the National Labeling and Education Act (NLRA) using the benchmarks in the regulatory analysis and estimate it to save $63 to $166 billion over 20 years, far in excess of its costs. They evaluated the impact of the legislation by comparing body weights of women who use labels in shopping before and after its implementation and compared those results to before and after body weights of women who do not use labels (a difference in differences method).
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Obesity / Weight Loss Surgery
In recent years several types of weight loss surgery, sometimes called stomach stapling, have become very popular. A nice look at the various types is provided by the American Society for Bariatric Surgery.
A Complete Guide to Obesity Surgery: Everything You Need to Know About Weight Loss Surgery and How to Succeed by Byran G. Woodward is available online via Google Books.
A Description of Morbidly Obese State Employees Requesting a Bariatric Operation. Louis F. Martin, Anna Paone Lundberg, Francine Juneau, William J. Raum, and Sandra J. Hartman. Presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Central Surgical Association. Tucson AZ March 10-15, 2005. Journal of Surgery. 2005.06.50. (Oct 2005) Pgs. 690-700. A study of State of Louisiana employees requesting bariatric surgery found them requiring 1.4 to 2.8 times the cost of other adult members in the year prior to their request for surgery, suggesting the operation would rapidly pay for itself.
Surgery Decreases Long Term Mortality, Morbity, and Health Care Use in Morbidly Obese Patients. Nicolas V. Christou, John S. Sampalis, Moishe Liberman, Didier Look, Stephane Auger, Alexander P.H. McLean, and Lloyd D. MacLean. Annals of Surgery. Vol.240. No.3. Pgs. 416-424. (Sept 2004). 1118 patients had bariatric surgery at Magil University Health Center in Quebec Canada between 7 Jan 1986 and 8 Jun 2002. Teh Canadian Provincial Health Insurance database allowed all their health care needs to be followed quite closely. The final sample included 1035 bariatric surgery patients and 5746 matched controls (people in similar situations, but not undergoing bariatric surgery). Some patients have been followed up for 16 years. Significant and sustained weight loss due to weight loss surgery up through 16 years was verified by the study. The risk of 5 year mortality was reduced by 89 percent. 5 year total medical costs for those undergoing surgery were considerably lower than those of the control group EVEN with the cost of surgery and followup included.
Several years ago, many extermely obese people had their jaws wired shut and relied on protein drinks through a straw for nourishment. This is more technically known as “maxillomandibular fixation”. A few papers on this process are below.
Maintenance of Weight Loss in Obese Patients After Jaw Wiring. J S Garrow and G T Gardiner. BMJ (British Medical Journal) (Clin Res Ed). 1981 March 14. Vol.282(6267). Pgs.858-860. Patients were known to frequently rapidly regain any weight loss from this procedure, so after their jaws were freed, a group of them were also fitted with a 2 mm nylon cord around their waist to remind them of their diet. This group gained much less weight after the procedure.
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Weight Loss and Obesity Marketing
We are holding some materials for further development here and expect to move them to their own page and expand them in the future.
Commentary: There is a Public Health Crisis - Its Not Fat of the Body But Fat in the Mind and the Fat of Profits. Susie Orbach. International Journal of Epidemiology. Vol.35 (2006) . Pgs. 67-68.
The U.S. is now exporting its “body insecurity” to the rest of the world. Many in other countries previously oblivious to their alleged imperfections are taking drastic actions to change their bodies and appearances.She cites another author who refers to the marketing of these products and service as “Obesity Inc.”
Dispensing with the Truth: The Victims, the Drug Companies, and the Dramatic Story Behind the Battle Over Fen-Phen. A. Mundy. New York: St Martin’s Press, 2002.
Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity Board on Children, Youth and Families (BOCYF), Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). National Academies Press. Full text available free online.
Obesity Business First Business Morning News. 4 minute video
Wharton University
How Does Drug and Supplement Marketing Affect a Healthy Lifestyle. Lisa E. Bolton, Americus Reed II, Kevin G. Volpp, and Katrina Armstrong. Wharton University.
Food Fight: Obesity Raises Difficult Marketing Questions. published in Knowledge@Wharton. 9 March 2005. Reports several recent developments surrounding junk food, advertising and obesity.
The Alliance for American Advertising was announced in the Wall Street Journal on January 26, 2005. This new group of a few major food companies was formed to defend corporations’ First Amendment rights to advertise to children.
Nutrition Business Journal trade journal for weight loss dietary product manufacturers
Weight Loss Products and Programs by Colorado State University
22 Nov 2006 Wall Street Journal “Marketing New Antismoking Pill Poses Challenges for Pfizer” reports the public’s memory of hundreds of failed antismoking aids that promised success in the past will taint the field for Chantix, a drug receiving FDA approval this past May. Chantix appears to truely hold greater promise in helpfing people stop smoking. Pfizer’s approach to marketing is strongly being guided by their knowledge many potential customers are aware of many failed weight loss products in the past. If and When a weight loss product with truely revolutionary success is found, much might be learned from the marketing approach used by Pfizer for this drug as it will face a similar situation.
Food Marketing & Obesity Fact Sheet Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood.
Obesity / Food Marketing news clips collected by Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood
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Weight Loss and Obesity Humor
We are holding some materials for further development here and expect to move them to their own page and expand them in the future.
Political and News Weight Loss Cartoons from Cartoon Stock
Obesity Cartoons from well known comic strips by the Cartoonist Group
Fat Albert 2004 Bill Cosby movie.
Three Fat Women of Antibes a humorous chamber opera about three obese women trying to lose weight. It was also made in to a TV movie in 1969 by the same title.
Some well know cartoon /comic characters with weight loss challenges
Fat Albert
Wimpy (from Popeye)
Baby Huey
Cookie Monster from Sesame Street note - cookie monster has softened his ways due to health awareness. Wikipedia has a nice story of Cookie Monster’s history and development.
SuperSize Me Game eat as many burgers as possible.
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Obesity Associations
The Obesity Society NAASO
American Obesity Association
combined effort between the The Endocrine Society and The Hormone Foundation-
American Society for Bariatric Surgery
Association for the Study of Obesity a U.K. organization
European Society for the Study of Obesity EASO
International Association for the Study of Obesity
British Obesity Surgery Patient Association supports those considering or recovering from surgery for obesity
Obesity Action Coalition an advocacy group
Obesity in America
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Anti Obesity Commercials and Positive Messages
Thunder Thighs 30 second video
Advertising, Marketing and the Media”: Improving Messages Fact Sheet. Sept 2004 by the Insitute of Medicine, of the National Academies. Promotes guidelines for marketing and advertising to minimize risk of obesity to children and youth, and for the promotion of public health issues.
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Some People Are Extreme
Most weight loss and obesity gages, suggestions, and approaches are for “normal” people. Those with extreme physiques (very tall, very short, very muscular, large rib caged individuals, amputees, and others far outside the “norm” will not be properly “labeled” by BMI, by measuring around their waist, height/weight charts or other similar tests.
Some people have hormonal or glandular problems that lead to obesity. Their needs and challenges will be different than typical people. For example, Leptin, a hormone, helps regulate weight homeostasis (helps us stay around a constant weight). A very small percentage of the population has a gene mutation and produce no leptin. These individuals eat frequently and may be grossly overweight at a young age. Some people have problems related to Thyroid hormone which also important in preventing obesity.
Others are elite athletes, normal people doing abnormal jobs, and many more.
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Mission of the Weight Loss Information Center
Help people lead healthier lives by:
Providing weight loss educational materials
Reviewing weight loss plans and methods
Organizing existing weight loss materials into a more useful format
Creating links to existing high quality weight loss materials
Covering obesity from new angles and perspectives
Providing weight loss and obesity posters
Posting healthy lifestyle tips
Creating helpful online tools for making good weight loss decisions
Providing lively, engaging, thought provoking materials
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Obesity Policy
Many people are trying to steer government “policy” decisions to help reduce obesity and its related problems.
National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity
Health Affairs “the policy journal of the health sphere”
U.S. Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity 2001. This document provides considerable information in a relatively easy to read style, plus also outlines policy type items the govenment is considering.
F as in Fat: How Obesity Policies are Failing in America 2006 by Trust for America’s Health.
Accelerating Progress on Obesity Berkely Media Studies Group (BMSG) analyzes other policy efforts in the past (tobacco, alcohol, firearms safety, traffic safety) and tries to determine how best to use that knowledge to press forward toward obesity solutions.
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Some Causes / Drivers of Rising Obesity Levels
Several things and combinations of events have led to rapidly growing obesity levels in the United States. Some suggested by others and by us are listed below.
More restaurants per capita (they are closer to you and more of them than there used to be.)
Rushed lifestyle leads to more “eat out”, “carry out” or “eat on the run” meals.
The large Stop Smoking efforts of recent years have been at least partially successful, but many smokers stop smoking and then start eating too much and become obese
Snacks have extremely high calorie density and are very satisfying and habit forming.
Characters (such as Disney characters) have been used to promote unhealthy food choices in the past
Technological change has reduced the amount of physical labor required at work and at home
Video Games & Television keep kids (and many adults) indoors and contributes to snacking
Move from “Household Production” of food to “Market Production” (buy food at supermarkets instead of raising / growing it yourself)
Growth of the female work force (working moms have less time to prepare nutritious meals and fall back to prepared meals or fast food that is not as healthy)
Marriage market is stacked against black women (young marriageable black men are hard to find) resulting in many black women not finding an incentive to control their weight (Reference C. Mullen “Teenage Childbearing” PhD Dissertation Univ. Chicago 1998).
We drive everywhere. Many European cities were designed for walking. Plus gas costs less here.
Food is cheaper in the United States than in Europe.
Higher quality television programs in the U.S. attract more viewer hours than lower quality programs in Europe.
Soft drinks, soft drinks in schools, vending machines
Boredom of desk and computer jobs encourages snacking
Larger sizes of snack packages (often labeled as several servings, but eaten in one sitting by one person because its in the package)
Repeated cycles of weight loss and weight gain make each next attempt to lose weight more difficult
Proliferation of Microwaves encourages us to nuke prepared foods that may not be healthy for us
What Can I Do to Help Fight the Problem of Obesity
Several Adovocacy Groups promote legislation, awareness, research, and educational issues surrounding obesity. Pick one, become involved, and help solve this problem.
Take Action by the Center for Science in the Public Interest and their companion site, National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity
American Obesity Association advocacy page
Center for Healthy Weight Advocacy @ Stanford, they focus on childhood and adolsescent obesity and accept donations
Trust for America’s Health advocates a range of health issues including obesity
The Obesity Society
National Recreation and Park Association
Rails to Trails Conservancy promotes turning old railroad beds into trails
PE4Life promotes PE in schools
Action for Healthy Kids
California Center for Public Health Advocacy
National Ceter for Bicycling and Walking promotes bike friendly, walkable communities
Support local efforts to build community parks, repair and extend sidwalks, built and maintain walking trails, bike trails, etc. Go walking with a friend, teach a kid to ride a bike, throw out your kids video games,
If you have a family member or friend trying to lose weight, point them at Small Steps, a nice site by the U.S. Dept of Health & Human Services with many ideas for small steps toward a healthier life.
Plus, you can always check back in at our site to keep up with the latest developments in the war on obesity.
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Obesity is Leading Cause of Death in the U.S. - Or Is It?
A 2004 study on the Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000 (Journal of the American Medical Association Vol.291. No.10. March 10, 2004 Pgs. 1238-1245) found “poor diet and physical inactivity” (labeled obesity by many) resulting in 400 000 preventable deaths per year, just slightly behind tobacco at 435,000 preventable deaths per year. 15,000 of these deaths are attributed to poor diet and physical activity, the remainer are attributed to overweight and obese (which typically results from poor diet and physical inactivity). Full text is available free from JAMA if you register
Considerable challenge to the data and discussion surrounded this announcement which then later resulted in a correction being published in the Journal of the American Medical Association ( Vol. 293 No. 3, January 19, 2005).
A Washington Post article, “CDC Study Overestimates Deaths from Obesity” published 24 Nov 2004 reports “Center for Consumer Freedom”, a group funded in part by the restaraunt industry, is happy to see the CDC restate the numbers. The original March 2004 paper estimated poor diet and physical inactivity caused 400,000 deaths in 2000, up from 300,000 a decade earlier and pointed out that if trends continued, deaths could reach 500,000 next year and overtake tobacco as the number one cause. The restatement of death count is not yet finalized, but conversations with the Wall Street Journal have placed it at about 80,000 deaths or 20 percent. Dixie Snyder, chief scientist at the CDC reports the error does not undermine the final conclusion that increasing numbers of Amercans are overweight resulting in a major and increasing common public health problem.
An abstract of the original JAMA article that includes values for other leading causes of preventable deaths (including the corrected value for poor diet and physical inactivity) is available from PubMed.
Some in-depth analysis of the JAMA article that started this debate focusing on “exclusions” is provided by Katherine M. Flegal in “Supplemental Analyses for Estimates of Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity in the U.S. Population” on the National Center for Health Statistics web site.
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Placing Obesity in Perspective With Other Health Problems
We are working on trying to better place obesity in perspective with other health issues so it can be better understood. Some materials we may use in doing that are being gathered below.
Prescription for a Healthy Nation: A New Approach to Improving Lives by Fixing Our Everyday World. T. Farley and DA Cohen. RAND. The URL they use to host this site is interesting, healthscaping.org. America spends twice as much on healthcare as any other nation, why are we so sick? Injuries and chronic diseases are by products of the way we live.
Weight Loss and Obesity Links
Overweight and Obesity: Home Center for Disease Control (CDC)
State Based CDC Obesity Programs
How Healthy is America 29th report from the Health, United States series by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Thi volume may be helpful in putting obesity in perspective with other health issues. A full text pdf copy of the entire book is also online, note it is about 10 Megabytes in size.
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 regulates dietary supplements.
Calorie King Food Database food calorie content for thousands of foods and restaurant items
Healthy People 201 a U.S. govenment health promotion effort began in 2000
Small Steps nice site for children, teens and adults wanting to make small steps toward a healthier life
The Biggest Looser NBC TV Show aired in 2006 pitting obese contestants against each other to loose the greatest percentage of body weight
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Nutrition
A healthy, nutritious diet is obviously a large part of the obesity equation.
“Energy Value of Food”. Chapter 4 of Exercise Physiology; Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, 5th edition. An evaluation copy is online. This chapter does a nice job of covering energy in foods.
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Coming Soon
Our site is rapidly expanding. Other topics currently under development by the Weight Loss Information Center include discussions of Weight Loss Quality of Life Issues, Coverage of the Super Obese, a Blog presenting recent events and products in the news, Examining the medical costs of obesity to us as individuals and to those around us, Discussing how obesity can lead to many other medical complications, Obesity and Health Insurance, Why certain people drop out of weight loss programs, predicting who will drop out, Weight Loss Program Reviews, and even more weight loss topics.
Other topics we are considering exploring include velocity, acceleration and trajectory of a person’s bodyweight, applying the engineering safety hierarchy to obesity as well as the three
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